Sunday, September 30, 2018

Vanishing Occupations Is Nothing New

From an Arabic periodical I follow on line I found a rich taxonomy of occupations in the Arab world made obsolete by progress & technology. This list reminds us that human occupations have been coming and going for many years. The principal challenge of what we call "progress" is not how best to achieve it, but how to share the fruits equitably with those whose vanishing jobs were part of the price of getting there. (I did the best I could with a browse translation.)

Directory of trades, occupations and extinct jobs in the Arab world ... about 100 career-driven progress

Mohamed El Feky
26.08.2017

The 22


Evolution is the year of nature, and work, like any other human activity, is no different from this social law. Each era comes under its own new patterns of occupations and jobs, and may soil on other occupations.
Adam Smith's market is not far from the Daron Forest, so there is nothing left to stay. The Arabic-speaking world has known many professions that have flourished and flourished in ancient times, and then became extinct or almost extinct.

Extinct Artificial Crafts

Including the extinct crafts by the change of public taste, such as Tariq Kachia, in the "Dictionary of Professions":

Gaooggi: a maker of rhymes that have been extinct for more than a century, and Alqawq a hood of the Gok worn by scientists, and the army of the Corps and the heart.
Tarabishi: seller of Tarabeesh. This profession has emerged with the disappearance of the guo industry.


Tabarashi

Al-Qarabibi: The maker of clogs of willow wood and walnut, and his quality was made in Shubra, Egypt, and he had a market in Homs and Hama.
Albozi: professional ice cream industry, and was the Bozian shops "hassled Sundae", according to the Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi. The ice cream syrup was sold in Egypt until the last century.
Ice cream in Constantinople

Swords: the maker of swords
Including the crafts extinct by the change of age and the development of goods and tools, such as: 
Sayyaf in Damascus [???]
Alqawas: maker of the bow.
Al-Ashnani: The seller of the perfume, which is used for cleaning and washing hands before the invention of soap.
Tents: the maker of tents and pavilions, and was the best Khiamin in Aleppo, Istanbul and Cairo.

Including extinct characters thanks to the control of the machine and its superiority:
Kabariti: the maker of sulfur and its seller.
Squid: ink maker.
Wells: needle and needle manufacturer for sewing.
Enviroment: Glue maker, cowhide glorified cooker .
Study: Who studies wheat or barley.



Among these are what Olaya Chalabi said in Sayhatnahama:
Al-Khalal: The maker of vinegar.
Al-Zayyat: The one who strays seeds to extract edible oil or serge oil, which is used in lighting.

Including what Barakat Refinery in "titles Ottoman functions" such as:
Kyomji: In Turkish means gold and silverware maker (Qayyum).
Kazanji: "Kazan" in Turkish any garment or utensils, the maker of pots.

Extinct service occupations
Mahmoud Amer in the term "lingering terms in the Ottoman Empire" mentioned the following occupations:
•  The person assigned to transfer news from one place to another, the highest ranking of mail couriers.
And what Olaya Chalabi said in "Sayahtnamah":

Miller: A professional milling, especially grinding coffee in Egypt or wheat in the Levant, he had a special shop that includes stone hueines.

And what Ahmed Amin said in the dictionary of customs and traditions:
AlSaqa: Who distributes water to houses before entering faucets.









Maslakati: Who knocks nets or acorn.

Among these are what Tariq Kachia said in the "lexicon of professions":

Lala: the educator of the children of ministers and dignitaries in Syria.
Al-Bayar: Who isolates the sweet wells in the houses.
Ass: Who leases his donkey or driven to transport.
Porter: Whoever carries the goods on a paid wage.
Qabbani: Who weighs heavy things.
Sprinkler: Whoever sprinkles water with the land of the markets so that the dust does not fester and the goods are distorted.
Abrajee: who drives a cart of two wheels towed by a transport and carrying animals, to transport the public or furniture, and similar to the turban Sham, and Arab in the Levant, the driver at the dignitaries.



Copper bleach: It is professional whitening pots, starch, sand and coal ash to clean them from fatty substances.



The pigeons, the Dalakon, the Albanians, and the pigeons: the owners of the public baths and the workers, the donkeys are the heads of the bathroom servants, and the Balan cleans and decorates the berm.

Extinct administrative functions
Including Suhail Saban, in the "encyclopedic dictionary":

Pasha: meaning the king, the governor of the state during the Ottoman rule.

And what d. Mustafa Barakat in "Ottoman titles and functions":

Shah Bandar Traders: "Shah Bandar" in Persian means: the head of the port, an officer appointed by a state in another country to take care of its business interests. He served as consul.
Secretary of beatings: "hit" in the sense of sack and "square" in Persian means: Dar, he is the Secretary of the House of money. He was taking money.
• The word "diphthera" is a Greek word for "diphthera" meaning "animal skin". It was used in writing, and "Dar" in Persian also means "companion". He oversaw the collection of income and expenses, and all matters related to the financial funds of the Sultanate. And he knew before the Mamluk headmaster of money .
• The program "Rose Naama" in Persian means the journal, and the Turkish "G" refers to the ratio to the industry, so it means the writer of the day. Al-Ruznaji was the head of the Diwan's calendar and was the head of the finance department.

The governor: The officer in charge of the affairs of the province. The governor was entrusted with the task of collecting taxes, along with the obligor.

Judicial functions extinct:
Including what Mustafa Barakat, in "Ottoman titles and functions":

Qazi al-Askar: This position appeared in the Abbasid state, and moved to the Seljuks, then the Atabeks and then the Ayyubids, and in the Ottoman era he did not hold a contract and did not stop a stop and did not write a will and no excuse or Ijara and no argument or other legitimate matters until he was brought before the military judge.

According to Tariq Kachia, in the "Dictionary of Professions":

My presentation: Who writes presentations or complaints to parents and they sit near government departments.





Extinct medical professions...
Including what was said Tariq Kakhia, in the "Glossary of professions":

Al- Raqeeq: Whoever recites al-Rukiyya is reading and exhaling in the patient and the lawful and suspending the veils.
Sizes: The blood is absorbed by the cylinder.
And what Ahmed Amin said in the dictionary habits:
Al-Kahhal: It is difficult to treat sick eyes for treatment.

Women's extinct careers

Including Tariq Kachia, in the "lexicon of professions" such as:
The hatchery: A woman clothed the heads of the branches, whose heads are covered with redheads.
The midwife: A woman who practices obstetrics.
Washing machine: washing clothes in the homes of the rich. [Washer-woman?]
Breastfeeding: It feeds the children of the rich, or those who do not produce milk. [Wetnurse?]
Mahatia: "Called the Day in Egypt," and decorate the bride to her husband.

According to Ahmed Amin, in the "Dictionary of Egyptian customs, traditions and expressions":
Balana: A woman cleans the women to remove hair from the body, and take care of the girl at the time of marriage, and clean and clean, and the girl on henna night.

The sniper: or the scars are called in the numbered Egypt, and in the Levant, the lava, and it sighs on the dead in balanced sentences that raise tears.

Extinct professions of pilgrimage
Including what Mustafa Barakat, in "Ottoman titles and functions":

Amir Haj:
Abu Bakr was the first of the guardian of this post in the year 9 AH. The most important duties of Amir Haj in the leadership of the pilgrims to Mecca and return them, and pay the damage of the Arabs and the preservation of the wealth of the Haramain.

According to Tariq Kachia, in the "Dictionary of Professions":
RECTIFIER : Who undertakes Bmashal behind Hijazi, Nuncio to the Holy land, Vaghanna hires Takhta and medium concha and the poor Hbrah or camel.
Mahtar: Used during the Hajj season and its function to erect and dismantle tents.
The maker of the lathes: Who made the hodgepodge for pilgrims.

Deprived, extinct occupations
Including what Ahmed Amin, in the "Dictionary of customs and traditions":

Accountant: a job was hated by the owner, and was watching the markets, it is soft in the kilo or raise the price punished severely.
Bully: The bully was formed after the Crusades in equestrian mode, and then turned into an abhorrent profession over the years. The young man protects the neighborhood in which he lives, and enforces his power over him.
Ellisargy: slave and slave neighbor.
Al-Jalab: The slave of black slaves, and sometimes the work of pimps.
Al-Qawwas: It was a disgraceful career in Egypt, a rascal who is standing before his master's horse and shouting and begging people to make way for him.
Al-Mukas: Dirhams are taken from the seller of goods in the markets. The taxis were standing at the entrance to the cities to collect the tax imposed on the food needs.
Children of Spars: Children who picked up cigarette butts from the streets and emptied tobacco into them for recycling in new cigarettes.
Al-Tafaji: The seller of pastries and shavings, which includes cannabis and opium.

Including what Tariq Khaya said in the "Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Professions":
Al-Nakhas: Those who sell slaves.
Auctioneer: Who sells people's needs for a certain percentage.
Dumatji: Who digs in the rubbish shops of cashiers and forging, to extract silver fillets.

Extinct rural functions
Including Jamal Kamal Mahmoud's "Commitment System":
Commissar: In al-Sham the public person, the person in charge of the administration of the village and collecting taxes, and handing it over to the central treasury or the state treasury.
Direct: An employee, who guarantees money changers, and registers money registers and village tax records.
WITNESS: Whoever records the village and the names of the peasants, and his book the basis on which the funds are collected.
Khouli: He surveys and measures the land, helps the sheikhs of the country distribute the land to the peasants, and supervises the drainage of the canals and bridges.
Surveyor: The area of ​​cultivated land is restricted each year.
Al-Qasab: Surveyor's assistant during the agricultural land survey.
Tensile: An employee of the village elder brings the peasants to the office at the time of asking for money. He served as a village concierge and was punished by peasants who were late in paying what they had.

Extinct functions related to palaces and government buildings
Including what Mustafa Barakat said in "Ottoman titles and functions":Agha : He differed in the origin of the word and called the leader and the eunuch who is permitted to enter the women's rooms. And the task of guarding in the hours of ablution and prayer.

Agha, called the leader, & the eunuch who is permitted
to enter the women's rooms. And the task of
guarding in the hours of ablution and prayer.

Ktkhda (Persian) means: 
Lord of the House, the back of the post in the Seljuk era, and was associated with the Pasha and stay with his companions Saraya and receive the calls and others and help the Pasha.
Month of Amini: Responsible for supplying and maintaining palaces and government buildings.
Arie Amini: Responsible for the management of barley for the Royal Stables.

And what Mahmoud Amer in the "terminology used in the Ottoman Empire":
Shubqji or Shubakshi, who is the holder of a smoking rod and a combinator in some prominent people.
Tawashi: The servant of Harem al-Basha is required to be consecrated.

And what Suhail Saban, in the "encyclopedic dictionary":
Bashi Mine: An employee in the palace prepares the annual calendar, chooses the right time to declare the Sultan's sitting, declare the war, give the seal to the Great Chest or drop the ships to the sea, based on astronomical calculations.

Extinct military functions
Including what he said d. Mustafa Barakat, in "Ottoman titles and functions".
Slider: Persian owner of weapons. The post began with the reign of Sultan al-Zaher Baybars. His most important task was guarding the weapons. The post was abolished in 1830.
Topji: In Turkish artillery, the defender is made and repaired.
Kundaqi: "Kundak" in Turkish, meaning the heel of the gun and the torch. He is the manufacturer of weapons, and he maintains the guns and repairs the boats. It is called in the Levant.

And what Mahmoud Amer in the "terminology used in the Ottoman Empire":

Amin get off: the person in charge of securing Supply in the road that will Tzlkh military forces.

And what Suhail Saban, in the "encyclopedic dictionary":
Nazer Ammunition : The person assigned to provide the necessary wheat for the army, the Emirate and the city's ovens. The post was abolished in 1837.

The occupations of snooping, begging and extinct extinction
Including what Ahmed Amin said in "Dictionary of Customs":
Poet: Qassas is a cafe and tells the story of "Abu Zeid al-Hilali", or the story of "Saif ibn Yazin" or "Thousand and One Nights" by heart or from a book, and is similar to the "Hakawati" in Syria. And became extinct with the appearance of the radio.
Acrobat: A ratio of a group that was walking on high ropes. This class was often called in grand weddings.
Al-Jaidi: A ratio of a group of people, two of them walk, one of them carrying a doorbell, the other carrying the shackles, cheating the shops, and singing the most offensive songs. Including a sect called "Adabatiya".
Ticks: or Alqirdati, from trained monkeys and Alaabh games taught them, in front of people, often with a bear trained Drumming. In the so- called al-Sham from the monkey or bred Bear "Jaidy."



And what Tariq Kachia said in the "lexicon of professions":
Rifai: the proportion of the way "Refaiya" was the throwing snakes at home and give it paid in the Levant and parallels " Serpentine ". My scorpions take the scorpions from their places.
Wondrous wonders: the career of Shamia carrying a box in which the holes on the size of the eye compound with the crystallization of glasses for the scale (zoom) and the ends of the box and two posters with pictures of trouble. And fell apart after the cinema.





Karakosati: In the Levant was playing images made of skin on the human character as a shadow and the owner works in cafes.
Eulogist: The parallels in the Levant Kawal , a profession came out of Egypt, the owners sang praises to earn.
Moualidi: A career known in the Levant. The author recites the story of the birth of the Prophet poetry and singing to win.

And what Olaya Chalabi said in "Sayahtnamah":
The imitator and the funny: Almdkkatih are the people known circumstance and were working clowns in cafes, ice cream bars.

References and sources:
  • Gamal Kamal Mahmoud, The Commitment System in Rural Upper Egypt in the Ottoman Period, Master Thesis, Cairo University, 2001.
  • Ahmed Amin, Dictionary of Egyptian customs, traditions and expressions, Cairo: Dar Al Shorouk, 2010.
  • Mustafa Barakat, titles and functions Ottoman, Cairo: Dar Ghraib for printing, publishing and distribution, 2000.
  • Mahmoud Amer, The Terminology of the Ottoman Empire, University of Damascus, Journal of Historical Studies, Vol. 117, 118, January, June, 2012.
  • Olya Chalabi, Cairo, National Library and Archives, 2009.
  • Suhail Saban, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Historical Ottoman Terms, Riyadh: King Fahd Library, 2000.
  • Tariq Kachia, Dictionary of Ancient and Modern Professions until the 21st

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